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RESEARCH: Understanding Where Data Come From : SAMPLES

Sampling Terminology The purpose of this chapter is to provide you, the consumer of research, with an overall understanding about the importance of and the thinking that goes on when choosing a sample. I first provide some initial definitions of terminology, which are essential for understanding the rest of the discussion. These definitions are followed by two segments that discuss the two major sampling paradigms found in research in applied linguistics. The choice of paradigm, as you might suspect by now, is guided by the research question being asked by the researchers. The chapter ends with a discussion of the ethics of using human participants in a research study. The sample is the source from which data are drawn to answer the research question(s) and/or to test any hypothesis that might be made. The sample consists of one or more cases . In most studies the cases are made up of human beings, referred to as subjects or, more currently, participants . For example, Luo and Liao (201...

Belly-button

Belly Button. FluFF! Snip. after the hurried moments of the cleanly cut cord, The casual "Are you an Innie Or an outie?" will be the few times you acknowledge its existence.  In theory, the belly button is an outie It protrudes, it pops, it bevels as a button should. But when puberty peeps in and passes by  The button recedes in wiry weeds and ho, there we go, we’d forget them The button crawls down, it sinks in further into the belly of your depths as it hears- the knell from the bell of a middle-aged swell and ballooning of saggy skin it gets engulfed in your mellow folded-holds to be seen no more, it grins with belly button fluff flows five peals a laugh lose a button, let your tummy rolls win.

The River-Merchant’s Wife: A Letter

  The River-Merchant’s Wife: A Letter BY  EZRA POUND After Li Po While my hair was still cut straight across my forehead I played about the front gate, pulling flowers. You came by on bamboo stilts, playing horse, You walked about my seat, playing with blue plums. And we went on living in the village of Chōkan: Two small people, without dislike or suspicion. At fourteen I married My Lord you. I never laughed, being bashful. Lowering my head, I looked at the wall. Called to, a thousand times, I never looked back. At fifteen I stopped scowling, I desired my dust to be mingled with yours Forever and forever, and forever. Why should I climb the look out? At sixteen you departed You went into far Ku-tō-en, by the river of swirling eddies, And you have been gone five months. The monkeys make sorrowful noise overhead. You dragged your feet when you went out. By the gate now, the moss is grown, the different mosses, Too deep to clear them away! The leaves fall early this autumn, in wi...

我爬的山

  -hours fly by as the tall Grey mound sinks further into its indent in the ground   -futile attempts chipping away at the stone-hard surface   -led to scores of scratches lining its base   -which bore semblance to the fresh scars on wrinkled skin     -sore fingers strain to straighten the rough mound   -they climb, nails scraping the gritty texture   -desperately searching for an opening   -amidst the mountain of grey, a glint of colour rings through the eyes     -in excitement, the fingers rise, raw    -beaded with blood, perspiring in anticipation   -and strikes. A crunch, with splinters   -the mound cleanly breaks, brittle as a sigh thoroughly pent up with tension.     -the grey crumbles   -the colour flies   -rise     

The encompassing arm of the Rooster/Coolidge Effect, and its Freudian roots.

The Coolidge effect: Ensuring a diversified spread of the gene pool in idealised vessels.  Oscar Wilde:  "There is nothing so difficult to marry as a large nose.  There is nothing in the world like the devotion of a married woman.  It is a thing no married man knows anything about. One should always be in love.  That is the reason one should never marry."

Early Victorian: Hard Times

X that didactic in writing: He uses literary devices to convey his message in different layerings.  1) Select at least two of the following depictions (you can look at all four if you wish to) and ascertain how Dickens uses literary devices and his imaginative powers to convey his message. What is his message, and why does he convey it in the way he does?  a) Depictions of Gradgrind and his home: Book 1, Chapter 3 Dickens introduces so much colour to describe Gradgrind's worldview. Proving exactly how imagination is essential in the life of a child. Using the form of the square, the external sphere: reflects his encompassing philosophy which leaks out to all aspects of life. Stone lodge: Hard facts man. Personalities are defined through utilitarian philosophy and indoctrination. Gradgrind: Dickens use very visceral imagery: metaphor/personification; was a large blackboard with a dry Ogre chalking ghastly white figures on it.; a children’s nightmare. These languages permeat...

Late Victoria.

 Implementation of various new policies and the rise of science which introduced a scepticism to the religious faiths The face and the strength of an industrial success began to wane especially in the 1870s-1901. The row was covered by melancholy and pessimism,A sense of exhaustion And an anxiety to the advent of the 20th century. It also arose to sensual enjoyment To the trivialities of life, Which were very much suppressed and checked in in the early Victorian age which is why the late Victorian age became known as looser and more open and was even coined as the naughty Nineties. (though the tipping point was based on geological discoveries that challenged the biblical view of the young earth, and thus seeded doubt into the Christianised society) Aspects of the social-cultural climate.  asceticism was going down, while an emphasis on decadence and loose morals was on the rise fin-de-siecle: the turn of the new age (or new century) where there were changes from the repressed ...