Skip to main content

比较真道

 我们读《论语》时,对于孔门弟子的话要有一个分辨,就是:学生的话代表他们个人的心得,而未必"完全等于"孔子的想法。


  "一以贯之"这四个字太重要了,孔子在《论语》里说:"吾道一以贯之"。可惜很少有人知道他在说什么。今天如果做测验,让从小学到大学的学生们回答,孔子"一以贯之"的道是什么?恐怕大多数人会说出曾子那句话"夫子之道,忠恕而已矣"。"忠恕"果真是孔子的道吗?

  "一以贯之"第一度出现跟孔子的学生子贡有关。子贡小孔子三十一岁,非常聪明,口才了得,是言语科里的高材生。但聪明人说话爱犯一个毛病:比较。喜欢比一比谁好谁差。他观察自己的老师,认为孔子"多学而识之"。

  子曰:"赐也,女以予为多学而识之者与?"对曰:"然,非与?"曰:"非也,予一以贯之。"

  (《论语·卫灵公》)

  孔子说:"赐(子贡的名为端木赐),你以为我是广泛学习并且记住各种知识的人吗?"子贡回答说:"是啊,难道不是吗?"孔子说:"不是的,我是有一个中心思想来贯穿所有的知识。"

  子贡以为老师年纪大,书念得多,记忆力不错,然后出来教学生,好像一个有脚书橱。但孔子认为自己不仅如此,他说我虽然有很多学问,却有一个"一以贯之"的中心思想来贯穿。一个人如果没有一个中心思想把他的学说连贯起来,怎么可能成为一个好老师呢?又怎么可能成为一个好的哲学家呢?可惜子贡没有接着请教老师,到底什么是您一以贯之的东西。这个事情就变成公案,不了了之。

  我觉得孔子心里大概很想找个机会公开说一下自己"一以贯之"的道是什么。他教五经六艺,教礼乐诗书,却不能教自己的思想。因为学生跟老师念书是希望将来做官,做官只问你知识学会没有,不问你有没有学孔子的思想,因为孔子当时还活着,还没有成为大家推崇的哲学家。孔子有一次上课主动对曾参提起这个话题。

  子曰:"参乎!吾道一以贯之。"曾子曰:"唯。"子出,门人问曰:"何谓也?"曾子曰:"夫子之道,忠恕而已矣。"(《论语·里仁》)

  孔子说:"曾参啊,我的人生观是由一个中心思想贯穿起来的"。曾参说:"的确如此。"孔子出去后,别的学生就问曾子:"老师所指的是什么?"曾子说:"老师的人生观只是忠与恕罢了。"

  曾子的说法恐怕有些问题。第一,曾参的年纪比孔子小四十六岁,比他更年轻的学生只有一位子张,比孔子小四十八岁。就算他十五岁跟着父亲曾点去听孔子的课,最多只有十年左右亲炙孔子的机会。孔门的资深弟子甚多,跟着老师周游列国的都算在内,也不见得有谁可以了解孔子。第二,曾参在孔子的学生中属于反应比较慢的,孔子说他"参也鲁",鲁就是鲁钝,资质与慧根均非上乘。至于本性善良、事亲尽孝,则是他的特色。因此,如果弟子中有人可以了解孔子的道,大概还轮不到他。第三,何况,孔子曾经叹息:"没有人了解我啊!""知我者其天乎!"(《论语·宪问》)

  然而,为何孔子会选择曾参来表示心意呢?也许因为曾参年纪较轻、比较好学,可以乘机请教;也许因为曾参正好在孔子身边。结果孔子主动提起这个话题,曾参却回答:"的确如此。"孔子听了,马上离开教室,反应很激烈。也许他本来希望曾参回答:"何谓也?"老师,你以一以贯之的道是什么?没想到曾参居然说:"是的"。连这么年轻鲁钝的学生都懂得我的道,那我还说什么呢……后面悲剧就发生了。别的学生问曾参,老师说的道是什么?曾参回答,老师的人生观只是忠与恕罢了。最后三个字"而已矣"不太负责任了,孔子这么重视的一以贯之的道,居然被曾参说成"忠与恕而已矣"。这是初中生说话的口吻。

  这是孔子教学失败的案例。"忠恕,违道不远"语出《中庸》,忠恕离开道不远,代表忠恕并不是道,只是离道不远而已。孔子的道绝不只是"尽己之谓忠,推己及人之谓恕"(朱熹《论语集注》),这只是人我关系,为立身处世的原则。孔子的道还包括知行--我所知道的跟我的行动一致,包括生死--如何生与如何死,包括天人--天命与人性,这些都可以归结为一个字:仁。"仁"才孔子"一以贯之"之道的标准答案,所以他才会说出"杀身成仁""蹈仁而死"这样的话。而曾参所说的"忠恕"只是他自己对于孔子人生观的理解,并不等于孔子的思想。我们读《论语》时,对于孔门弟子的话要有一个分辨,就是:学生的话代表他们个人的心得,而未必"完全等于"孔子的想法。而且孔子过世时,曾子才二十七岁,即使认真致力于学与行,仍不表示他在年轻时就能领悟孔子一以贯之的道是什么。我们后来看他谈到"任重道远",指出仁与死的关系,则又显然肯定"仁"才是一以贯之之道了。

Comments

Popular posts from this blog

East and West (religion seeking community and individuality)

 The trend of religion in each state. religion is primed to feed the soul what it lacks.  East communal spirit, people are bonded through their societal role, erasing individuality in the sense where they are intrinsically empowered through 'free' thoughts of expressing whatever they like. Religion will be focusing on the fulfillment of  West is individualised, religion is primed to bring people back into communities and nurture that spirit of caring for each other and moving forward together to a collectively higher purpose. CHRISTIANITY: This is not a religion, this is a personal relationship with Jesus.  Hold out for a saviour who returns your texts, and not someone who has holy ghosted you. But he always answers prayers, it’s just that the answer is sometimes no. This seems more like a one-sided relationship that the imagined person, if he exists, doesn’t seem aware of? This is not so different from the phenomenon in modern celebrity culture— a parasocial relatio...

DOMINATION

"... when domination disguised its real self in euphemisms " Once you have seen through & smelled the deliberate lies and distortions - often via "education" & mass media- of White Western Colonialisms you can no longer un-see or un-smell the shit.  Then, you no longer give a fuck about the Colonizer's taste, judgement, prestige, affirmation, acceptance, validation, or relationship with your colonizer and his/her institutions.  That to me is the ultimate liberation of the Colonized. We must un-fuck our consciousness, if we wish to live with essential self-respect & dignity as equals in these global webs of group & individual relations. "... when domination disguised its real self in euphemisms " decolonize our imaginations with pedagogies and experiences,

Acceptance of LGBTQ identities in Malaysian and Singaporean Protestant Churches

Title Acceptance of LGBTQ identities in Malaysian and Singaporean Protestant Churches Introduction  While Christianity has traditionally been homomisic in the nature of its doctrine, churches have been utilising the discourse of ‘God-given unconditional love’ to be more welcoming towards LGBTQ identities. Regardless, even with this softened approach, the LGBTQ community still faces pervasive discrimination. Elements of discriminatory behaviour, bias, and stigmatisation can be systemic in nature, constituting of how people reinforce and propagate varying textual formats of power through language discourse (Potter 1996). In this case, the Christian perspective assumes power through the discourse of heteronormativity, which recognizes heterosexuality as the norm while refuting other forms other than heterosexuality by labelling them as deviant and pathological (Yep 2002). Nonetheless, despite ‘hate the sin and love the sinner’ being used as a statement of reconciliation against suppos...