Language, COntact, and Colonialism

 

Colonialism= point of contact.

VARIETIES OF ENGLISH

trauma from post-colonialism in outer-circle countries, whereas expanding circles use English EFL as a largely transactional language, usually without controversies or traumas experienced by outer circles ESL.

Criticism: conceal the fact that people in the outer circle can also be in the inner circle? Not bound by country borders. Challenges the idea that only people in the inner circle can speak English as a native language.

SCHNEIDER'S DYNAMIC MODEL

mainly derived from the ripples in politics over time.
varieties of language codified and stabilised.

how east Malaysians strongly adhere to English, don't really have Malays in contrast to indigenous tribes, wouldn't be fair to impose Malay as a mother tongue, when it isn't.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gehs26G1Eoo